SENSITIVITY KINDS, RESEARCH METHODS

On one of the classifications, buy cipro based on definition of a place of occurrence a boring, sensitivity shares on exteroceptive, proprioceptive and .

1. Exteroceptors share on: , the perceiving borings put from the outside and falling immediately on a tissue of an organism (painful, temperature, tactile, etc.), and , perceiving borings from sources which are on distance (light, a sound).

2. Proprioceptors perceive the borings arising in an organism, in its deep tissues bound to function of conservation of position of a body or movement. The given kind of receptors is presented in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints; impulses arise in connection with change of degree of a tension of tendons, strains of muscles etc. and focus concerning position of a body and its parts in space; from here still the name - «sustavno-muscular feeling» or «feeling of position and movement (feeling)». Proprioceptors (also the labyrinth here concerns) develop and are put in pawn in tissues parentages; exteroceptors - ectodermal.

3. Interoceptors perceive borings from internal organs, in norm seldom causing distinct sensations; interoceptive eisodic systems concern section of a visceral innervation.

At other division of sensitivity - on superficial and deep - to the first, exteroceptors should be carried to the second - Proprioceptors and interoceptors. The known part of exteroceptors (feeling of pressure, vibration) concerns not to superficial, and deep sensitivity.

In clinic other classification based on biological data has got enough wide circulation. From this point of view sensitivity is surveyed as a parity and interaction of two systems.

One, more ancient, inherent to more primitive nervous system, serves for carrying out and perception strong, sharp, menacing to an integrity of an organism a boring; the rasping painful and temperature borings bound to an ancient “feeling” organ - a visual hillock here concern. The given system of sensitivity wears the name , vital, , thalamic.

Other system is bound entirely to a brain cortex. Being buy rimonabant newer and made, it serves for thin recognition of quality, character, degree and boring localisation. Such kinds of sensitivity, as touch, definition of position and movement, the form, a place of drawing of a boring, distinction of thin temperature fluctuations, qualities of a pain etc. Names of this system of sensitivity - Epikritichesky, , cortical here concern. Epikritichesky sensitivity as system newer, cortical, ostensibly makes braking impact on ancient , subcortical, sensitivity. It was supposed, that in norm sensitive function of the person is defined by coexistence of both systems in their certain interrelation; thus Epikritichesky sensitivity brings elements of exact distinction and the analysis.

Such sectioning of sensitivity on two separate kinds causes a number of serious objections. Representation about their parity as lowest and higher systems, about brake function in relation to is a little demonstrative; it is difficult to imagine a role of a visual hillock as the organ “perceiving” separate kinds of sensitivity. In an integrated organism sensitivity any kind is bound to work of a cortex of the big hemispheres, for any sensation as the consciousness certificate, it is impossible without participation of the higher departments of a brain. At the same time, is not subject to doubt, that in the difficult sensitivity of the person which has reached high perfection in development, there is a representation and the ancient primitive systems bound to action subcortical, стволовых, segmentary apparatus. At a lesion, deenergizing of one of links of highly differentiated sensitive system, value in which visual hillock nevertheless remains doubtless, we receive qualitatively absolutely other functional system with an original distortion of sensations and perception about what speech will be more low.

The chapter III. TOPOGRAPHY And SYMPTOM-COMPLEXES of LESIONS of the SPINAL CORD

The spinal cord is located inside позвоночного the channel. Its top border (with an oblong brain) corresponds to level of a decussation of pyramids or a place of an exit of I pair cervical roots. ultram The bottom extremity of a spinal cord is on border I and II lumbar vertebra (fig. 15 see).
The spinal cord represents long тяж (length 42 - 45 sm), surrounded with three covers: firm, web and soft; it is fixed inside позвоночного the channel by the roots and gear ligament.
Between web and soft cerebral covers in so-called subarachnoid, or subarachnoidal, space the cerebrospinal liquid circulates.
The spinal cord consists from 31 - 32 segments; to each of them there correspond two pairs roots - forward and back. Distinguish following departments or spinal cord parts (fig. 15 see):
pars cervicalis (a cervical part) - from 8 cervical segments;
pars thoracalis (a thoracal part) - from 12 thoracal segments;
pars lumbalis (a lumbar part) - from 5 lumbar segments;
pars sacralis (крестцовая a part) - from 5 крестцовых segments.
At last, the lowermost segment is one (sometimes two) a coccygeal segment.
The average size of diameter of cross-section section of a spinal cord is equaled 1 sm; in two places this diameter is enlarged, that corresponds to so-called thickenings of a spinal cord. The structure of a cervical thickening (intumescentia cervicalis) includes V, VI, VII, VIII cervical and I - II thoracal segments; in structure lumbar (intumescentia lumbalis) - all lumbar and I - II top крестцовые segments. Three bottom крестцовые (III - V) and coccygeal segments make so-called conus medullaris - конически the narrowed bottom extremity of a spinal cord.
A spinal cord leaves, according to number of segments, 31 pairs forward impellent roots and enters into it of 31 pairs back sensitive roots. Forward and back roots inside позвоночного the channel approach (fig. 82) see and gather in the general fascicle after an intervertebral ganglion (ganglion spinale intervertebrale), located in an intervertebral foramen. The general fascicle of impellent and sensitive fibers from both roots, leaving an intervertebral foramen, is called as a radicular nerve (fig. 82 see).
In the course of growth the spinal cord lags behind in length a backbone and at the adult person it appears much more shortly the last. The bottom department of a spinal cord appears I on border I and II lumbar vertebra. According to it, the roots referred to the intervertebral foramens, only in the top departments (cervical) are located horizontally. vpxl 400mg Already since thoracal department, they go slantwise from top to bottom, and more low conus medullaris roots lumbar and крестцовых segments settle down inside позвоночного the channel almost steeply, making a so-called horse tail (cauda equina) (fig. 15).
At a projection of segments of a spinal cord to vertebra it is necessary to consider disharmony of length of a spinal cord and a backbone. In cervical department segments are located on 1 vertebra above, than corresponding to them under the account a vertebra; верхнегрудные - on 2, нижнегрудные - on 3 (an example:
V cervical segment is located at level of IV cervical vertebra, V thoracal - at level of III thoracal vertebra, XI thoracal - at level of VIII thoracal vertebra etc.). In the big disharmony are lumbar and крестцовые segments and vertebra: lumbar segments are on at ровне X, XI and XII thoracal vertebra; крестцовые. - XII thoracal and I lumbar. Cauda equina it is located from top to bottom, since II lumbar vertebra (fig. 15 see).