It speaks presence the person enough intimate communications (anastomoses) with branches of a trigeminal nerve, possible passage of sensitive fibers of V nerve in canalis facialis (chorda tympani - canalis Fallopii - n. petrosis superficialis major), simultaneous involving in process of a facial nerve and a root of a trigeminal nerve or its knot at processes on the basis of a brain (fig. 22 see).
The central paralyses (paresises) order ultram of a facial musculation are observed, as a rule, in a combination to a hemiplegia. The isolated lesions of a facial musculation of the central type are rare and are observed sometimes at a lesion of a frontal lobe or only the bottom department of a forward central gyrus. It is clear, that the central paresis of facial muscles grows out надъядерного of a lesion tractus cortico-bulbaris on its any site (a brain cortex, corona radiata, capsula interna, brain legs, the bridge). At the central paralysis the top facial muscles (m. frontalis, m. orbicularis oculi) does not suffer almost, and amazed there is only a bottom (oral) musculation. This results from the fact that the top cellular group of a kernel of VII nerve has a bilateral cortical innervation, contrary to bottom to which cells fibers of the central nerves tractus cortico-bulbaris approach) mainly only from an opposite hemisphere.
At the central paralysis of a facial musculation, unlike peripheric, the reaction of degeneration will not be observed; надбровный the reflex is kept and even is strengthened.
Habit spasms concern the phenomena of a boring in the field of a facial musculation of a various sort (implication of a neurosis or organic disease), the contractures, able to be a consequence of a flaccid paralysis of VII nerve, the localised spastic stricture, other clonic and tonic cramps (cortical or subcortical hyperkinesias).

VIII pair, n. acusticus (n. cochlearis and n. vestibularis). Under the general name n. acusticus absolutely independent two sensitive nerves having various function - the item cochlearis and n are united. vestibularis.
N. cochlearis. Truly acoustical nerve having ganglion spirale Corti which is located in a labyrinth cochlea. Dend-rity cells of the named sensitive vpxl knot are referred to кортиеву to an organ, to it волосковым to acoustical cells. Axons leave a temporal bone in a skull cavity through porus acusticus internus and as a part of a root n. cochlearis with n. vestibularis, the item facialis and n. intermedius Wrisbergi enter a cerebral trunk in a mosto-cerebellar angle (fig. 22 see). They come to an end (the first acoustical neurone) in two kernels n. cochlearis: nucleus ventralis (it is located in a ventral part of the bridge) and nucleus dorsalis or tuberculum acusticum (in a dorsal part of the bridge - see fig. 23, 24, 50). At the same level a number of the nuclear formations which are taking part in formation of the further ways for carrying out acoustical boring (a kernel of a trapezoid body, the top oliva, a kernel of a lateral loop) is located. The fibers of the second acoustical neurones beginning from both kernels of cochlear nerves (ventralis and dorsalis), a part cross in the bridge, passing to an opposite side, a part go on the party of a cerebral trunk, attaching to itself the third neurones from named above nuclear formations (a trapezoid body, etc.) . This way (fig. 30), called латеральной a loop, lemniscus lateralis, comes to an end in the subcortical acoustical centres located in back hillocks четверохолмия and in corpus geniculatum mediale thalami optici. From here, from cells corpus geniculatum mediale last acoustical neurone originates, which axons pass through an internal capsule (fig. 55, IX) and corona radiata see, coming to an end in a temporal share of a cortex of a brain (the back department of the top temporal gyrus and gyruses Гешля located in depth sil-vievoj of a sulcus); here the cortical acoustical projective area (fig. 64 see) is located. Carrying out acoustical a boring on both parties of a cerebral trunk (and opposite) and, hence, representation in everyone латеральной from each ear explains to a loop of ways that circumstance, that the hearing hemilesion arises only in case of a lesion of an average and internal ear, n. cochlearis and its kernels; At a unilateral lesion латеральной loops, the subcortical and cortical acoustical centres and an internal capsule - clear disorders of hearing do not arise at all for in this case borings from both ears are spent to one of cortex hemispheres on not amazed party (fig. 30).

The pathological phenomena from a hearing aid and hearing research are in detail surveyed in an otolaryngology course. Shortly it is necessary to mention, that hearing dropping is designated by the term hypakusis, its loss, i.e. Deafness, - anakusis, or surditas and the raised perception - hyperakusis.
For the otologist and the neuropathologist buy cipro it is always important to distinguish the lesion of hearing depending on pathological processes on the average an ear (a tympanic membrane, acoustical ossicles), from “nervous” relative deafness or deafness (кортиев an organ, a cochlear nerve and a kernel). In the first case the larger lesion of hearing on low tone and safety of osteal conductivity is characteristic; in the second - perception abaissement, mainly, high tones and weakening or conductivity loss on a bone. Owing to it at research of osteal conductivity on method Вебера (the tuning fork is established on a cinciput investigated) at a lesion звукопроводящего the apparatus (for example, at an otitis) the sound more is strenuously perceived by a sick ear, differently - «латерализуется» in the sick party; at a lesion of the nervous apparatus of an ear - in healthy. About other more exact methods of research of hearing see in an otolaryngology course.
The boring phenomena n. cochlearis are expressed in occurrence of spontaneous hums, whistle, hum etc. However, the same can be observed and at middle ear diseases. At a boring of a cortex of a temporal share there can be auditory hallucinations - from simple hums to the difficult sound phenomena (music, voices).
N. vestibularis. The vestibule nerve, a sensitive nerve; has ganglion vestibulare Scarpae, located in a bottom of internal acoustical passage. Processes of cells of this knot terminate in ampoules of semicircular channels, utriculus and sacculus. Axons, entering into a skull cavity, as well as n. cochlearis, through porus acusticus interims, as a part of a root n. vestibularis enter in a mosto-cerebellar angle a cerebral trunk and finish the first neurone in system of a kernel of the vestibular nerve located in a tyre cover of the bridge on border with an oblong brain in lateral departments of a bottom of IV ventricle (fig. 23 see). The Most important cellular group of this kernel is so-called kernel Дейтерса and Bekhterev’s kernel, through which means the vestibular mechanism (semicircular channels, sacculus and utriculus) establishes a number of communications with other departments of nervous system. So, the vestibular kernel is bound:
1) with nucleus tecti a worm of a cerebellum, mainly the party (through corpus restiforme);
2) through system of a back longitudinal fascicle kernel Дейтерса is bound to kernels of third cranial nerves (fig. 38 see);
3) with a visual hillock and further - with a brain cortex (temporal shares);
4) with a spinal cord, its forward horns, the vestibular kernel is bound by special conductors - tractus vestibulo-spinalis;
5) with the vegetative centres of a trunk, formatio reticularis, a kernel n. vagi, etc.
The vestibular mechanism is one of the organs focusing concerning position and movement of a body (head) in space.
At its lesion there come balance buy rimonabant disorders (communication with a cerebellum), a nystagmus (with kernels of third cranial nerves), giddiness, vomiting (communications with a kernel n. vagi) etc. not stopping on methods of research of vestibular function, we mention, that named above disorder can be observed both as a result of diseases of an internal ear, and at processes in a mosto-cerebellar angle (the item vestibularis), a cerebral trunk, a cerebellum and a brain cortex.
V pair, n. trigeminus. Being the admixed nerve, has impellent and sensitive kernels in a cerebral trunk. Sensitive fibers begin from powerful гассерова knot (ganglion semilunare. Gasseri), located on a forward surface пирамидки a temporal bone (fig. 27 see) between leaves of a firm cerebral cover. Дендриты cells of this knot make sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve consisting of three branches: r. ophthalmicus, r. maxillaris and mandibularis. Axons of cells make a sensitive root n. trigemini (portio major) which enters into the bridge in its average third, about average legs of a cerebellum. Further fibers for painful and a thermoesthesia in the form